I found the solution on my own with some help of Google.
In the end I only had to add one more line of code to make it work (switching the CS Pin to output...):
pinMode(SD_CS,OUTPUT);
so the complete code-part looks like this:
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
spiSD.begin(SD_CLK, SD_MISO, SD_MOSI, SD_CS); //SCK,MISO,MOSI,cs
pinMode(SD_CS,OUTPUT);
if (!SD.begin(SD_CS, spiSD, SDSPEED)) {
Serial.println("Card Mount Failed!");
return;
} else {
Serial.println("Card Mount Successful!");
}
}